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**Permafrost**

The term permafrost, derived from the German “Permafrostboden,” meaning #1excludeGlossary has been around since the #2excludeGlossary century. Initially used to describe the permanently frozen layers of soil found in polar regions, permafrost has maintained its original meaning over the decades. However, in the cannabis world, permafrost has taken on a new life. It refers to a cannabis strain that boasts a frosty, crystalline appearance reminiscent of its icy namesake. This hybrid strain is known for its balanced effects, offering both relaxation and a burst of creativity, making it a popular choice among cannabis connoisseurs. As the cannabis industry continues to grow, the term permafrost remains a staple in the lexicon of enthusiasts seeking a cool, invigorating experience. For further reading on permafrost, both in its geological and cannabis contexts, consider exploring [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost) and [Harvard’s Environmental Studies](https://environment.harvard.edu/).

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Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
permafrost (noun)
a frozen layer at variable depth below the surface in frigid regions of a planet (as earth) - permanently
Permafrost (Wikipedia)

Permafrost (from perma- 'permanent' and frost) is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two years or more; the oldest permafrost has been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years. Whilst the shallowest permafrost has a vertical extent of below a meter (3 ft), the deepest is greater than 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Similarly, the area of individual permafrost zones may be limited to narrow mountain summits or extend across vast Arctic regions. The ground beneath glaciers and ice sheets is not usually defined as permafrost, so on land, permafrost is generally located beneath a so-called active layer of soil which freezes and thaws depending on the season.

Permafrost
Extent and types of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere as per International Permafrost Association

Around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface is underlain by permafrost, covering a total area of around 18 million km2 (6.9 million sq mi). This includes large areas of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. It is also located in high mountain regions, with the Tibetan Plateau being a prominent example. Only a minority of permafrost exists in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is consigned to mountain slopes like in the Andes of Patagonia, the Southern Alps of New Zealand, or the highest mountains of Antarctica.

Permafrost contains large amounts of dead biomass that has accumulated throughout millennia without having had the chance to fully decompose and release its carbon, making tundra soil a carbon sink. As global warming heats the ecosystem, frozen soil thaws and becomes warm enough for decomposition to start anew, accelerating the permafrost carbon cycle. Depending on conditions at the time of thaw, decomposition can release either carbon dioxide or methane, and these greenhouse gas emissions act as a climate change feedback. The emissions from thawing permafrost will have a sufficient impact on the climate to impact global carbon budgets. It is difficult to accurately predict how much greenhouse gases the permafrost releases because the different thaw processes are still uncertain. There is widespread agreement that the emissions will be smaller than human-caused emissions and not large enough to result in runaway warming. Instead, the annual permafrost emissions are likely comparable with global emissions from deforestation, or to annual emissions of large countries such as Russia, the United States or China.

Apart from its climate impact, permafrost thaw brings more risks. Formerly frozen ground often contains enough ice that when it thaws, hydraulic saturation is suddenly exceeded, so the ground shifts substantially and may even collapse outright. Many buildings and other infrastructure were built on permafrost when it was frozen and stable, and so are vulnerable to collapse if it thaws. Estimates suggest nearly 70% of such infrastructure is at risk by 2050, and that the associated costs could rise to tens of billions of dollars in the second half of the century. Furthermore, between 13,000 and 20,000 sites contaminated with toxic waste are present in the permafrost, as well as natural mercury deposits, which are all liable to leak and pollute the environment as the warming progresses. Lastly, concerns have been raised about the potential for pathogenic microorganisms surviving the thaw and contributing to future pandemics. However, this is considered unlikely, and a scientific review on the subject describes the risks as "generally low".

Permafrost (Wiktionary)

English

Etymology

From perma- +‎ frost.

Pronunciation

  • (US) IPA(key): /ˈpɝməˌfɹɔst/

Noun

permafrost (countable and uncountable, plural permafrosts)

  1. Permanently frozen ground, or a specific layer thereof.

Derived terms

  • permafrosted

Translations

See also

  • cryogenesis

Anagrams

  • preformats

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from English

... Read More
Permafrost, Frozen Soil, Perennial Frost, Ground Ice, Cryotic Soil
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