California (/ˌkælɪˈfɔːrniə/) is a state in the Western United States that lies on the Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south. With almost 40 million residents across an area of 163,696 square miles (423,970 km²), it is the largest state by population, third-largest state by area and the largest state economy in the U.S., with a GDP of approximately $4.3 trillion.

California
State
Flag Seal
Nickname:  The Golden State
Motto:  "Eureka"
Anthem: "I Love You, California"
Location of California within the United States
Country	United States
Before statehood	Mexican Cession Unorganized territory
Admitted to the Union	September 9, 1850; 175 years ago (1850-09-09) (31st)
Capital	Sacramento
Largest city	Los Angeles
Largest county or equivalent	Los Angeles
Largest metro and urban areas	Greater Los Angeles
Government
• Governor	Gavin Newsom (D)
• Lieutenant Governor	Eleni Kounalakis (D)
Legislature	State Legislature
• Upper house	State Senate
• Lower house	State Assembly
Judiciary	Supreme Court of California
U.S. senators	Alex Padilla (D) Adam Schiff (D)
U.S. House delegation	43 Democrats 7 Republicans 1 Independent 1 vacant (list)
Area
• Total	163,700 sq mi (423,970 km2)
• Land	155,959 sq mi (403,932 km2)
• Water	7,740 sq mi (20,047 km2)  4.7%
• Rank	3rd
Dimensions
• Length	760 mi (1,220 km)
• Width	250 mi (400 km)
Elevation	2,890 ft (880 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Whitney)	14,504.6 ft (4,421.0 m)
Lowest elevation (Badwater Basin)	−278.9 ft (−85.0 m)
Population  (2025)
• Total	39,355,309
• Rank	1st
• Density	250/sq mi (97/km2)
• Rank	11th
• Median household income	$95,500 (2023)
• Income rank	5th
Demonyms	Californian Californio (archaic Spanish) Californiano (Spanish)
Language
• Official language	English
• Spoken language	English (only): 56.1% Spanish: 28.3% Others: 15.6%
Time zone	UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−07:00 (PDT)
USPS abbreviation	CA
ISO 3166 code	US-CA
Traditional abbreviation	Calif., Cal., Cali.
Latitude	32°32′ N to 42° N
Longitude	114°8′ W to 124°26′ W
Website	ca.gov

State symbols of California

List of state symbols
Living insignia
Amphibian	California red-legged frog
Bird	California quail
Crustacean	Dungeness crab
Fish	Fresh water: Golden trout Marine: Garibaldi
Flower	California poppy
Fruit	Avocado
Grass	Purple needlegrass
Insect	California dogface butterfly
Mammal	Land: California grizzly bear (state animal) Marine: Gray whale
Mushroom	California Golden Chanterelle
Reptile	Desert tortoise
Tree	Coast redwood Giant sequoia
Vegetable	Artichoke
Inanimate insignia
Colors	Blue & Gold
Dance	West Coast Swing
Dinosaur	Augustynolophus
Folk dance	Square dance
Fossil	Sabre-toothed cat
Gemstone	Benitoite
Mineral	Native gold
Rock	Serpentine
Ship	Californian
Soil	San Joaquin
Sport	Surfing
Tartan	California state tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2005
Lists of United States state symbols

Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization by the Spanish Empire. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, as a result of its successful war for independence. Following the U.S. conquest of California, part of the Mexican-American War, California was ceded to the United States in 1848. The California gold rush started in 1848 and led to social and demographic changes, including the California genocide. It organized itself and was admitted as the 31st state in 1850 as a free state, following the Compromise of 1850.

Despite declining populations since 2020, the Greater Los Angeles, Inland Empire, and San Francisco Bay areas are the nation's second, twelfth, and thirteenth most populous metropolitan areas, with Los Angeles over 12 million residents, and the Inland Empire and Bay Area, each having 4 million residents. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and is ranked second in population in the nation. California's capital is Sacramento. Part of the Californias region of North America, the state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. Two-thirds of the nation's earthquake risk lies in California. The Central Valley, a fertile agricultural area, dominates the state's center. The large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains. Droughts and wildfires are an ongoing issue, while atmospheric rivers have become increasingly prevalent, leading to intense flooding events—especially in the winter.

The economy of California is the largest of any U.S. state, with an estimated 2025 gross state product of $4.296 trillion as of Q3 2025. It is the world's largest sub-national economy and, if it were an independent country, would be the fourth-largest economy in the world (behind Germany and ahead of Japan, as of 2025) by nominal GDP. The state's agricultural industry leads the nation in output, fueled by its production of dairy, almonds, and grapes. With the busiest port in the country (Los Angeles), California plays a pivotal role in the global supply chain, hauling in about 40% of goods imported to the US. Notable contributions to popular culture, ranging from entertainment, sports, music, and fashion, have their origins in California. Despite an exodus of filmmaking from California, Hollywood continues to be an important center of the U.S. film industry, one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world; profoundly influencing global entertainment since the 1920s. The San Francisco Bay Area's Silicon Valley is the center of the global technology industry.